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Greatly expanding on his blockbuster 1421, distinguished historian Gavin Menzies uncovers the complete untold history of how mankind came to the Americas—offering new revelations and a radical rethinking of the accepted historical record in Who Discovered America?
The iconoclastic historian’s magnum opus, Who Discovered America? calls into question our understanding of how the American continents were settled, shedding new light on the well-known “discoveries” of European explorers, including Christopher Columbus. In Who Discovered America? he combines meticulous research and an adventurer’s spirit to reveal astounding new evidence of an ancient Asian seagoing tradition—most notably the Chinese—that dates as far back as 130,000 years ago.
Menzies offers a revolutionary new alternative to the “Beringia” theory of how humans crossed a land bridge connecting Asia and North America during the last Ice Age, and provides a wealth of staggering claims, that hold fascinating and astonishing implications for the history of mankind.
- Sales Rank: #285211 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-10-08
- Released on: 2013-10-08
- Format: Kindle eBook
From the Back Cover
A groundbreaking new book that upends our understanding of ancient America
Conventional history tells us humans migrated on foot across present-day Alaska, populating the Americas far later than other continents.
However, emerging new evidence suggests seafarers reached the continents thousands of years earlier and developed far more sophisticated civilizations than previously imagined. . . .
From "distinguished historian" (BBC World Service) Gavin Menzies, the author of the blockbuster New York Times bestseller 1421, comes a revolutionary new account of how the first humans came to North and South America. Menzies reveals that ancient peoples used the oceans' natural currents and prevailing winds to make voyages across both the Atlantic and Pacific. What's more, we now must accept that they had time to develop remarkably advanced cultures. Armed with cutting-edge DNA evidence, newly unearthed artifacts, and astonishing linguistic and archaeological discoveries, Menzies shows
- humans have been making transoceanic voyages as far back as 100,000 years ago, vastly predating the supposed overland migration to the Americas during the last Ice Age;
- the ancient South American civilizations of the Olmec and Maya in Central and South America may have had direct origins and influences from Asia;
- ancient maps held in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., show there must have been sustained and dedicated voyages to the Western Hemisphere by Chinese explorers as early as 2200 B.C.;
- huge Chinese settlements occupied (and made exploratory journeys from) Nova Scotia;
- Japanese, Korean, and even earlier European voyages likewise predated the explorations currently recorded by history.
A maverick scholar, Menzies has made a riveting new contribution to the story of humanity's earliest explorers, revealing the truth behind one of history's most fascinating questions: Who discovered America?
About the Author
Gavin Menzies is the bestselling author of 1421: The Year China Discovered America; 1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance; and The Lost Empire of Atlantis: History's Greatest Mystery Revealed. He served in the Royal Navy between 1953 and 1970. His knowledge of seafaring and navigation sparked his interest in the epic voyages of Chinese admiral Zheng He. Menzies lives in London.
Ian Hudson was educated at Eton College and the University of Bristol. He started working with Gavin Menzies in 2002 and has been involved with all of his book projects since the publication of 1421. Ian established the website www.gavinmenzies.net and has managed the research team in London since then. He divides his time between London and his farm in Melchbourne, Bedfordshire.
Most helpful customer reviews
36 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
Exploring the question mark. by Eddie Dean
By Jasmine Dean
A story that makes you wonder! Having been familiar with Gavin Menzies' books "1421 - The Year China Discovered the World" and "1434 -" I looked forward to reading "Who Discovered America" by Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson and it did not disappoint.
Mainstream history continues to state that Columbus was the first to discover the New World, - that, despite all the evidence to the contrary; indeed, that after the Bering Strait migration in prehistoric times there was no other interraction with the Old World. However Menzies and Hudson bring a wealth of research and persuasive evidence to refute this old belief, and much of it comes from people like you and me - ordinary folk - who knowing something does not add up, do their own research in their own countries, and what turns up is extraordinary.
the premise of "Who Discovered America" is that there have been many voyages to the Americas over not only centuries but millennia, by Mediterranean peoples but also, importantly, by the early Chinese, who not only left much evidence of their arrival and interraction with the native inhabitants but through intermarriage left their DNA, which Science can now verify.
Well, the evidence is out there and Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson open the door to more research that we can all participate in, and become directly involved in. Read the book and wonder as I did, or get onto their website [...]
78 of 93 people found the following review helpful.
Illogicality at it again
By Gene Rhea Tucker
Slop. Menzies has done it again! And not in a good way. This book is a bit more organized and reads a bit better than his previous output because he has added a co-writer. But the text still is choppy and meanders needlessly. Probably a third of the book is mindless, boring travelogue with the royal we of the "1421 team" (usually just Menzies and his wife) going on expensive travels funded by the books he has sold to the gullible. A whole chapter, for instance, describing every modern-day stop along the old Silk Route. Why? When the point of the book is to show again (without evidence, again) that China discovered the Americas by sea. Why? Filler, that's why. Otherwise the book would have been just one hundred pages of misinterpretations, innuendo, and silliness.
Now let me begin with a caveat: I do think it is possible some Chinese ships (and Portuguese and the Polynesians and maybe some others, for that matter) may have discovered the Americas before 1492, but they had no long-lasting impact. However, I seriously doubt that there was sustained contact, trade, and colonization as Menzies and his ilk would have us believe.
Menzies still doesn't really understand DNA. He speaks of "Chinese DNA" and "Japanese DNA" and even, at one point, "Taiwanese DNA" but fails to realize that Amerindians have Asian-type DNA because scholars say they are descended from Asians! No big mystery there. But the "Asian DNA," Menzies implies, is evidence of recent contact when, in fact, it is evidence of nothing but distant connections. Any biologist or anthropologist could tell you that.
Menzies still holds to the pyramid fallacy: that if one group built pointy buildings and another group built pointy buildings, then there must be some concrete connection between the two groups. This, of course, is poppycock. First, pointy buildings are easy to build. Second, the logic that one must have gotten the idea from another is faulty. I could just as likely write a book claiming that Amerindians colonized China in the distant past and taught them how to build pyramids. Prove me wrong.
Menzies still does not understand the early European explorers or their maps. When John Smith or Coronado or whomever wrote down "we heare there are China ships in the far ocean" it doesn't mean there were actually Chinese ships plying American waters, it means Europeans were eager to have a China connection and fabricated it. It's why Christopher Columbus can hear that the "Caniba" (the Caribs) are close by and he can distort that to "the Khan is close by." Now, using the logic of Menzies, this means that the Great Khan must have had a colony on Cuba in 1492. That is, of course, silly. But it is the type of logic Menzies uses.
Take, for instance, his use of the 1776 Antonio Zatta map on page 225. It shows a "Colonia dei Chinesi" on the west coast of North America, which, to Menzies is proof positive there was a Chinese colony there. (He doesn't seem to notice the toponym Fou-sang right next to it.) But this doesn't mean there was a Chinese colony there, it just means Zatta was wrong. If you know anything about European cartography of the Americas from 1492-1800, you know it is full of guesses and silliness. There is a 1545 map by Caspar Vopell, one of my favorites, that shows the place-names of Asia alongside those of Mexico and America as an extension of Asia. The Gulf of Mexico is even called the "Mare Cathayum" (Chinese Sea)! This doesn't mean that the Gulf of Mexico was full of Chinese ships and colonies, it just means that Vopell had no friggin' clue what was going on. But Menzies and his fellow travelers would posit that this is evidence of Chinese voyages to the Americas.
This is the kind of "evidence" that Menzies and team adduces. It is all poppycock. For instance, on page 146, Menzies claims that the Peruvian city of Chan Chan was built by Chinamen from the city of Canton because Canton is "Chan Chán to the Chinese." You would think that someone whose stock and trade is China would know that the indigenous name for the city of Canton is Gu'ngzh'u, though it once went by the appellation Sh'ng Chéng, which means "the provincial capital." How Gu'ngzh'u or Sh'ng Chéng is made into "Chan Chán," and how that is the equivalent of the pre-Columbian city of Chan Chan, only makes sense in Menzies's mind.
Lastly, as long as Menzies relies on a supposed 1763 copy of a 1418 map as evidence (Google "1418 map"), you need not take him seriously. First, most experts consider it a fake and it has zero in the way of provenance. Second, it apparently has modern characters on it. Third, it is wildly inaccurate, though Menzies would have you believe that the Chinese were the most accurate mapmakers of all time. A map that displays California as an island is based on faulty European maps; and a map that can't show China correctly doesn't bode well for Chinese mapmakers. But let us, for the sake of argument, declare that this map is genuinely from 1763 (though Menzies persists in calling it the "1418 map," he admits it is only a copy from 1763). Even if it was from 1763 and based partially on 1418 exemplars, it is not proof of Chinese voyages to the Americas in 1418. It is only proof that the Chinese know of America in 1763 and that someone added it to an earlier map. If I stumbled across a copy of the 1851 novel "Moby-Dick" printed in 1998 that has an introduction mentioning the 1956 film "Moby Dick," it doesn't mean Herman Melville invented film and filmed his novel back in 1851, it means someone added something to his 1851 text in 1998. But, using Menzies logic, Herman Melville invented the movies in 1851. See?
One star for pretty pictures (and because I can't give a half star). But Menzies is doing the field a disservice with his grandiose and idiotic claims. And why do such authors always claim some dark conspiracy of "professional historians" are out to get them? I know for damn certain that if ANY scholar had any real proof of a Chinese voyage to the Americas, he would publish it and rake in the fame and money. And, it is funny that on pages 249-250 Menzies can thank PhD'd scholars (like John Sorenson and Carl Johannessen) and then denigrate "'professional' historians" who won't listen to his theories.
In the end, this book is just poppycock. All you need to know about Gavin Menzies you can find by watching National Geographic's documentary "1421: The Year China Discovered America" (which you can find online). It presents his theory and then demolishes it completely. Watch especially at the end when the interviewer confronts Menzies on his misinterpretations, quoting the actual documents Menzies uses as proof and showing they in fact contradict Menzies. His face is priceless. That's all you need to know about Gavin Menzies and his theories.
56 of 66 people found the following review helpful.
A Paradigm Shift for American History
By Gunnar Thompson
Once in a lifetime, you find a book that establishes a new guideline for generations to come. This is it!
The new bestseller, from the British team of Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson finally gets it right. Who Discovered America? is a synthesis of the latest investigations by Menzies and Hudson after visiting American museums and archeological sites - and after interviewing cutting-edge scientists in such diverse fields as genetic research, cartography, plant biology, epidemiology, and marine archeology. The broad-based scientific foundation for this book is beyond reproach.
Nevertheless, Menzies and Hudson do not claim to have written the last word on the subject of New World voyages before Columbus. They acknowledge that even more discoveries are yet to come. Everyone can be a part of this thrilling adventure. Menzies and Hudson invite readers to participate in the unfolding drama of rewriting the real history of world exploration by inquiring into a host of websites, books, and the current research of experts in many fields. Only Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson have developed the kind of interactive web site where this synthesis of new ideas and widespread participation can actually happen - on a global basis. Professional historians tend to shelter themselves in little cubby-holes of specializations in obscure fields of study that totally miss the Big Picture. Not Menzies and Hudson!
The vital importance of Menzies' original book, 1421 - The Year China Discovered America (Bantam, 2002), is underscored by the fact that a Beijing map collector, Liu Gang, realized that a Ming Map he had purchased from a Shanghai antique dealer was a World Heritage Treasure. Liu Gang came to this conclusion only after reading Menzies' book. Subsequently, tens of thousands of curious readers (and many expert scientists) offered contributions and ideas by using the interactive web site created by Team 1421.
Those scholars who have criticized Menzies' early theories haven't considered the fact that the British author has always regarded his explorations as "a work in progress." Unlike many "certified" academics who seem to believe they already know "everything," Menzies is open to considering new evidence and new interpretations that are offered by his growing list of associates. His frequent consultants include many university professors and leading scientific experts from across the globe.
A decade ago, Menzies began his odyssey of global research when he realized that the Eurocentric history discounted the role played by the Ming Chinese in New World exploration, mapping, and settlement before Columbus. Since then, his research team has identified maps by ancient Chinese explorers dating to the 3rd millennium BC, maps of America's West Coast by Yuan Dynasty survey teams (including Marco Polo as an eyewitness), and two Ming Dynasty Maps showing both North and South America prior to the voyage by Columbus. The authenticity of these documents has been confirmed by lengthy linguistic examination, cartographic analysis, and radiocarbon dating. Let there be no mistake: shorelines that Europeans supposedly "discovered" were already "on the map" before Columbus sailed. Mercator even confirmed that he had seen "a Chinese map and a Marco Polo chart." In other words, the Chinese not only mapped American shores, their maps were used by European explorers for their own "discoveries."
You will enjoy this engaging adventure into America's dynamic cavalcade of exploration and discovery. It is presented by two talented tour guides who make real science seem fascinating and alive. This is a fundamental Paradigm Shift for the fields of history, anthropology, and geography; and you can become part of the action.
Fasten your seatbelts for the historical rollercoaster ride of the century.
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